Happy birthday Olushola Jolugbo. May your days be long, healthy and prosperous.

Nigeria: The Unwritten Script

A land where ink runs dry on paper,
Where words bend like heat on a desert's edge,
A story untold, a song unplayed,
A script that trembles in the palm of fate.

No pen could capture the storm in her skies,
Her rivers flood with tales untold,
Her mountains whisper secrets of ancient kings,
Yet every word feels heavy, bound in gold.

Corruption weaves like shadows through the streets,
Invisible, yet felt in every breath,
A hand that feeds, then pulls away,
Leaving only hunger and empty steps.

She wears her history like a royal cloak,
Threadbare, yet grand in its complex grace,
A script no scribe can ever write,
For every truth is masked in a fragile space.

The dance of power, the crash of dreams,
A song of joy and sorrow in one beat,
Her heart is torn by promises broken,
Yet the pulse of hope does not retreat.

No writer, no poet, no voice too loud
Could paint the mosaic of black and white,
For Nigeria is a script unbound,
A language that twists beyond the night.

The ink may smudge, the pages tear,
But in every wound, there’s a story to share,
A country written in dreams and lies,
A script no one could ever revise

Manchester United Football Club, often known as Man United or simply United, is a professional football club based in England. It is one of the most famous and successful clubs in English football history.

The club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 by employees of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. They initially played games against other departments and rail companies but on 24 April 1902, the club was officially renamed Manchester United, following a financial crisis.

Under the management of Sir Matt Busby, United became the first English football club to win the European Cup in 1968, ten years after the Munich air disaster that tragically killed eight players. The 1960s saw a successful rebuilding of the team by Busby, with 1968 marking a triumphant year for the "Red Devils".

The most successful period in Manchester United's history came in the late 1980s and 1990s, under the management of Sir Alex Ferguson. The 'Fergie' era saw significant success for the club both domestically and internationally. In 1998–99, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup, and the UEFA Champions League.

Its annual revenue is one of the highest of any football club, which allows it to spend heavily on superstar players. Some of their most famous players over the years have included George Best, Eric Cantona, Ryan Giggs, David Beckham, and Cristiano Ronaldo.

After Ferguson's retirement in 2013, the club went through a period of struggle, undergoing several managerial changes. Despite this, United has remained a dominant force in English football and continues to attract top players from around the world.

In addition to their success on the pitch, Manchester United is also known for its strong fan base and its prominence in popular culture, being the subject of several documentaries and films. The iconic red and white team colors, the crest featuring a ship in full sail and a devil, and the team's home ground, Old Trafford, known as the "Theatre of Dreams", have all come to symbolize Manchester United's rich history and tradition.

Unlearning Belief: Toward a Framework of Empirical Clarity, Intellectual Liberty, and the Dignity of Doubt
Abstract
This paper critiques the historical role of belief as a dominant epistemic force shaping civilization and argues for a deliberate shift toward evidence-based knowledge systems. It explores how institutions such as religion, government, education, and penal systems have relied on unproven assertions to regulate thought and behavior. Emphasizing the distinction between subjective experience and objective truth, the paper advocates for a new framework centered on three principles: empirical clarity, intellectual liberty, and the radical dignity of doubt. Drawing from philosophy, science, and critical theory, it proposes a reformation of society’s epistemological foundation—replacing inherited belief with verifiable knowledge.
1. Introduction: The Age of Inherited Truths
Human history is a story of conviction—often in the absence of evidence. Since the earliest societies, belief has functioned as both compass and cage, providing existential orientation while simultaneously circumscribing the boundaries of inquiry. Whether in the form of religious dogma, racial mythology, or national myth, belief has too often stood in for truth. And worse, it has demanded allegiance from the many systems crafted by the few.

This paper begins with a provocation: What if everything humanity has believed, since records began, has eventually proven to be false or incomplete? It is not the truth of these beliefs that is under fire, but the method by which they were adopted and enforced. In contrast, this paper champions a society based not on inherited or coerced belief, but on empirical clarity, intellectual liberty, and the radical dignity of doubt.
2. The Problem of Belief: Control Without Proof
Belief, as the acceptance of propositions without sufficient empirical evidence, has historically functioned as a mechanism of control. Its influence is seen in religious orthodoxy, pseudoscientific racism, and nationalist mythologies.
3. Truth and Belief: A Necessary Distinction
Empirical truth is verifiable and testable, whereas belief often lacks falsifiability. Subjective experiences like love and beauty are valid personally but cannot constitute universal truths.
4. The Radical Dignity of Doubt
Doubt is not indecision but a moral and intellectual stance. It has driven progress and safeguarded against tyranny. Philosophers like Feyerabend and Wittgenstein emphasized the virtue of not accepting what cannot be proven.
5. Reconstructing Society: Institutions of Inquiry
Institutions that have enforced belief can be reoriented toward knowledge. Education should cultivate inquiry, government should be data-driven, media should focus on verifiability, and justice systems should emphasize rehabilitation over ideology.
6. The Framework: Empirical Clarity, Intellectual Liberty, and the Dignity of Doubt
This framework proposes a society built on evidence, freedom of thought, and ethical refusal to accept unproven claims. It safeguards both pluralism and progress.
7. Conclusion: Unlearning to Begin Again
This paper advocates for a cultural shift away from inherited belief systems toward a society based on empirical knowledge, doubt, and open inquiry. Such a shift reclaims the future from the myths of the past.

Uday and Qusay: A Metaphor Against Dynastic Governance
The annals of history are replete with examples of familial rule, some successful, most doomed. Nowhere is this cautionary tale more vividly captured than in the lives and deaths of Uday and Qusay Hussein, the sons of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. Their violent end in 2003, brought about by a U.S.-led military operation, marked not just the demise of individuals but the collapse of an entire system built on nepotism, fear, and dynastic control. Using their story as a powerful metaphor, we explore the fundamental flaws of attempting to govern a modern state through family members of a president. We opine that such systems breed inefficiency, corruption, a lack of accountability, and ultimately societal instability.
To understand why Uday and Qusay serve as potent metaphors, one must look at who they were and how they wielded power. Uday, the elder son, was notorious for his violent temper, sadistic behavior, and lavish lifestyle. Appointed to influential roles such as head of the Iraqi Olympic Committee and the Iraqi Football Association, Uday used his power to punish athletes who underperformed and to engage in brutal acts of repression. Qusay, though more reserved, was no less dangerous. He controlled Iraq’s elite Republican Guard and internal security forces, effectively making him the second most powerful man in the regime.
Neither man held power by virtue of competence, election, or merit. Their authority stemmed from their proximity to Saddam Hussein, a dangerous autocrat who believed that loyalty could be better guaranteed by blood than by ideology or institutional responsibility. In this context, Uday and Qusay became instruments of tyranny rather than stewards of the state. Their tragic end in Mosul, cornered by American forces and killed in a firefight, was symbolic of the unsustainable nature of family-run governance. They were not defenders of a nation; they were the last protectors of a corrupt, dynastic project that had long lost legitimacy.
At the core of any successful state lies a robust system of institutions, ministries, parliaments, courts, and civil services that function with relative independence and competence. These institutions are supposed to serve the nation, not the personal interests of a family. When governance becomes a family affair, the strength and impartiality of institutions are compromised.
Saddam Hussein appointed his sons to positions of immense power, not because of their skills, qualifications, or popular support, but because he trusted them personally. This substitution of institutional logic with personal loyalty is a hallmark of dynastic regimes. It leads to a system where critical positions are filled not by the most capable but by the most loyal or closely related. The consequence is predictable: inefficiency, incompetence, and corruption become endemic.
In the case of Uday, his mismanagement of Iraq’s sports institutions and his role in orchestrating campaigns of terror against athletes serve as an allegory for how nepotism can rot sectors of governance. His indulgence in sadism and cronyism undermined any credibility the institutions under his control might have had. Qusay’s control of the Republican Guard illustrates a more insidious danger using state machinery to consolidate private, familial control rather than serve public interests.
Legitimacy is a cornerstone of modern governance. Citizens must believe in the fairness, justice, and effectiveness of their leaders. When leadership is concentrated within a family and justified solely through lineage or blood ties, public trust is eroded.
In Iraq under Saddam Hussein, the population quickly realized that the Hussein family viewed the country not as a republic but as a fiefdom. The concentration of power within a single family eroded any sense of national unity or shared destiny. People who might have otherwise supported the government on ideological or nationalistic grounds grew disillusioned, seeing no avenue for political participation or upward mobility unless they were part of the ruling family or its inner circle.
The symbolism of Uday and Qusay's death, broadcast globally as the fall of the regime's heirs, reinforced the idea that family-run states cannot survive long-term. Their demise was not just military; it was ideological. It marked the final collapse of a system that had alienated its people and robbed them of any real stake in governance.
One of the most corrosive effects of familial governance is the destruction of democratic culture. Democracy is not just about holding elections; it is about norms, pluralism, transparency, and the peaceful transfer of power. These principles are incompatible with dynastic rule.
In states where presidents attempt to pass power to sons, daughters, or other family members, elections become a mere façade. Opposition parties are suppressed, civil society is weakened, and the media is controlled to maintain the illusion of legitimacy. The result is a political culture where citizens are reduced to spectators rather than active participants.
Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq with an iron grip, and his sons were being groomed to take over. This plan effectively meant that Iraqis were to be subjected to indefinite family rule, akin to a monarchy in republican clothing. The public’s exclusion from the political process bred resentment, radicalization, and, eventually, rebellion. It is no coincidence that many Iraqis welcomed the fall of Saddam’s regime despite the chaos that followed; the regime had become synonymous with unaccountable, dynastic oppression.
When a state is governed through family members, power becomes deeply personalized. Decisions are made based on personal relationships, not on data, expertise, or national interest. Such personalization breeds fragility because the survival of the state becomes tied to the survival of a single family.
The tragedy of Uday and Qusay illustrates this vividly. As Saddam’s regime came under threat from U.S. led forces in 2003, both sons were designated as key targets. Their deaths, along with that of Saddam himself later, led to a rapid disintegration of the regime. Why? Because the regime had no alternative power structures, no independent institutions, and no legitimate succession mechanism. It was a house of cards held together by familial loyalty and repression.
This is a vital lesson: when power is concentrated within a family, the state becomes brittle. It lacks resilience, adaptability, and the ability to evolve. In contrast, states that are governed through institutions and democratic processes can withstand crises because they are not beholden to individual personalities.
Contemporary Parallels and Warnings
While Saddam Hussein’s Iraq is an extreme case, the temptation to use family as the primary tool of governance is still prevalent in many parts of the world. From the Marcos dynasty in the Philippines to the Kabila family in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and from the Assads in Syria to the Rajapaksas in Sri Lanka, the world has seen how family rule often leads to corruption, repression, and instability.
In each of these cases, governance suffers because policy decisions are made in insular circles, often prioritizing family enrichment over public welfare. Moreover, dissent becomes a threat not just to policy but to the family’s personal survival, leading to increased authoritarianism.
Even in democracies, the rise of political dynasties—like the Bushes in the U.S., the Gandhis in India, or the Kenyattas in Kenya—raises questions about the health of meritocracy and the risks of consolidating power within families. While such families may function within legal frameworks, the broader implications for democratic competition and fairness are troubling.
Conclusion: Governance Beyond Bloodlines
The tragic end of Uday and Qusay Hussein should serve as a stark warning to any nation tempted by the allure of familial governance. Their deaths were not just the endpoint of lives marked by brutality and privilege; they were the inevitable collapse of a system that placed family loyalty above public service, personal power above national interest, and fear above legitimacy.
A state cannot be effectively governed through the exclusive lens of family. Modern governance requires competence, accountability, inclusivity, and institutional strength. These values are incompatible with dynastic rule, which by its very nature resists scrutiny and undermines meritocracy.
Nations that wish to build lasting peace, prosperity, and legitimacy must resist the urge to concentrate power within family circles. They must invest in institutions, promote open political participation, and foster cultures where leadership is earned—not inherited.
The metaphor of Uday and Qusay Hussein is thus a powerful one: they are not merely the sons of a dictator—they are the embodiment of why the state must belong to the people, not to a family. Their story is not just about Iraq; it is about the universal perils of trying to run a country as a family enterprise. And as history has shown, such enterprises are doomed to fail.